The eukaryotic replisome is a multi-component complex that drives DNA replication with a speed of approximately 2 to 3 kb per min. This implies that chromatin is disrupted at a rate of around 10 to 15 nucleosomes every minute a head of each active replisome. To reproduce a similar chromatin environment on new DNA, histones and other chromatin-bound factors are transferred from the parental strand to the daughter strands. In addition, new histones are incorporated to maintain nucleosome density, and their modification signature should be assimilated to nearby old histones in the local chromatin environment. In general interaction between the components of the replisome and chromatin proteins can help to understand the proper way of improving the replication fork and its relationship to chromatin. In this study, the regulatory mechanism of chromatin replication and epigenome maintenance are evaluated.

The fork earthquake occurred in Zagros Mountains at a distance about 120 km from Darab city in Fars province, producing extensive destruction but relatively low rate of human loss. Field investigation and the distribution of aftershocks suggest an east-west trend faulting with a reverse mechanism having a small strike-slip component. The locally recorded aftershock activity was extended to a length of about 40 km and a depth of about 30 km. The majority of aftershocks took place at a depth range 10-20 km and was scattered indicating a complex mode of faulting. The result of waveform inversion indicated that the mainshock had mainly reverse mechanism and the source process included two main fault slip. The total seismic moment was calculated to be Mo=3.1 x 1025 dyne cm. The calculated maximum dislocation was about 50 cm and the obtained moment magnitude was Mw=6.2. The average stress drop was estimated to be 25 bars and the average dislocation was 25 cm. The fork earthquake is one of the rare events that have occurred in Zagros suture zone with magnitude greater than 6. Therefore, the ground-motion characteristics during the mainshock should be considered for the high safety design of structures in the damaged area.

In many bilateral investment treaties, the investor is allowed to submit its claim to domestic courts, arbitration or any other agreed tribunals. Offering different options to the investor for the method of dispute resolution could lead to some problems, such as conflicting decisions and ambiguous interpretations. Because of these problems, some states have placed some restrictions upon investors and prohibited them from submitting their claims in different courts or tribunals at the same time. fork in the road is a specific clause requiring the investor to make a final decision and choose a specific court or tribunal, among all competent courts and tribunals, to submit its claim. Choosing any tribunal prevents other tribunals from having jurisdiction. This article aims to examine international arbitration practice regarding fork in the road clause by focusing on ICSID awards.

Background and Aim: In order to achieve a safe vector with ability to replicate autonomously in human cells by human transfactors, a recombinant plasmid with human mitochondrial origins of replication was constructed. In contrast to lentiviral and adenoviral vectors, this plasmid does not integrate into the host genome and replicates stably. Materials and Methods: Both human mitochondrial origins of replication and gfp fragments were amplified by PCR, cloned into pTZ57T/A. Hygromycin resistance gene was digested from pFBGGT. Then, four DNA fragments were subcloned into pBGGT plasmid. All steps of cloning were checked by PCR, restricted analysis and sequencing. HEK293 and CHO cell lines were transfected by final plasmid (pEU). Transfected cells were checked by Fluorescence Microscope daily during 40 days. pEU and genomic DNA were extracted from transfected HEK293 treated with hygromycin. Five overlap PCRs were performed on these products to check presence of circular plasmid in transfected HEK293.Results: All steps of cloning were confirmed. Data showed that pEU did not replicate in transfected cells. Conclusion: As recombinant plasmids with both mitochondrial origins of replication did not replicate in transfected cell lines, it seems that we need to provide similar conditions of mitochondrial DNA replication in order to replicate the above vector in future experiments.